A fall in the exchange rate has caused problems for borrowers in foreign currency. But moderate loan-to-value ratios and high levels of capital should see the banks through. Writer Nick Kochan

Latvia has been the worst-hit of the three Baltic states following the global credit squeeze and economic slowdown. Bank of Latvia governor Ilmars Rimsevics tells Lara Williams how policy makers are responding to the challenges.

While Latvia has not been immune to the effects of the global economic downturn, it is keenly positioned to attract investors into the country when things pick up, says Olyga Ertuganove, senior analyst at Latvijas Krãjbanka.

Without an injection of millions of euros from the international banking community, Parex Bank would have gone under last November. But just six months on, Robert Anderson reports on Latvia's second largest bank's slow, but steady recovery.

The Lithuanian economy has skyrocketed during the past decade largely due to expansive borrowing. However the country's financing model requires some fine-tuning to help it through the global slowdown, reports Gitanas Kancerevycius.

Few markets in central and eastern Europe have escaped investor fears over excessive corporate debt. Equity offerings are on hold and refinancing conditions have rarely been tougher, but there are opportunities for banks that stay in the game, writes Philip Alexander.

The banking sector across emerging Europe is varied, and although even its most dynamic economies are being impeded by the slowdown, forecasts suggest they have the growth potential to bounce back, reports UniCredit Group's global economics, fixed income and foreign exchange research team.

Intesa Sanpaolo rose to prominence as Italy's largest bank after a series of domestic mergers and takeovers, and has improved its status further with a raft of selective acquisitions in central and eastern Europe, writes David Lane in Rome.

The share prices of leading Italian banks were buffeted in early 2009 as investors anticipated damage to asset quality from their high exposure to emerging Europe. But senior managers say the region is still at the heart of their strategy, writes Philip Alexander.